Tea classification
All teas known on the world market can be classified depending on what indicators will form the basis of the classification. The classification uses any one feature:
- the stage of preparing the tea leaf (factory, trade);
- feedstock (tender or rough leaves);
- degree of fermentation (black, red, yellow, green, white tea);
- appearance (leafy or broken, loose or pressed, instant teas).
The teas included in each qualification group differ from one another in organoleptic, dietary properties, aroma, taste, infusion color and biological activity.
In the industrial production of tea there are two stages of its preparation: factory and commercial.
Factory teas are made in primary tea factories by technological processing of green tea leaves.
Commercial teas (finished products) are obtained at tea-packing factories by blending, that is, a mixture of tea from factory batches in strict accordance with the approved recipe.
Classification of tea by the degree of fermentation (oxidation) of tea is considered the main one, since it has a single feature by which one can characterize the variety of teas that exists in the world. According to this classification, teas are divided into the following categories.
1.
Unfermented (oxidation up to 12% of the total tannins of the feedstock). These include white and green teas that have not been fermented or have gone through a weak degree.
2.
Weakly fermentede (oxidation from 12% to 30% of the total tannins of the feedstock). These include teas that have undergone partial fermentation (yellow teas, oolongs (red) and heat-prepared non-fermented black teas). All these teas have different degrees of fermentation: yellow tea is less oxidized, more red (oolongi), more teas prepared by the heat method.
3.
Fermented (oxidation in the range of 35–45% of the total content of tannins). These include fully fermented black teas.
The external distinguishing feature of this classification is
color mark of finished tea.
By color, teas are divided into five main types: white, green, yellow, red and black. However, this means not only the color of the resulting infusion or the characteristic features of the color of tea leaves or particles of a semi-finished product. It is known that teas of different types (colors) can be obtained from any type of tea bush, and the secret lies in the method of processing freshly picked leaves, in those biochemical processes that occur in the leaf with different technologies of tea production. This ultimately determines their chemical composition and, accordingly, the taste, aroma and color characteristics of each type of tea.
White teas are non-fermented, their taste feels spring lightness and freshness. The yellow ones are weakly fermented, they have a mirage taste, because it is impossible to remember it. Green tea is bitter, but has a sweet aftertaste, it is good to drink it in summer. Both red and black by nature are warm teas, they perfectly warm in the cold winter season and in the dank off-season. Red teas - oolongs - are mistakenly considered by Europeans to be black. They are made from juicy tea leaves that are harvested in the fall. Oolong generously gives its strength to people - withstands up to 10 infusions, and each time you can feel a new aroma in it.
The leading place in the tea industry and trade is
Black tea, which most consider not only the most "typical", but also the best. Among black teas, the famous Pu-erh variety is especially famous. It is the only one of the teas appreciated not for freshness, but for age.
Green tea possesses the most active preventive and curative properties. Its tea leaves are olive green (darker only happens in inferior tea leaves, overdried or old). Green tea infusion has a golden-straw or amber-yellow hue, has a peculiar, pleasant tart taste, is distinguished by a more subtle aroma than black tea.
Yellow tea made only from the most delicate tops of the tea bush (tips). It is close to green in its most valuable biological properties - the content of catechins and vitamins, but it differs from it in a more intense amber-yellow color, mild and only slightly tart taste and refined, incomparable aroma. This tea has a significant stimulating effect. It flavors well with jasmine. Once upon a time, yellow tea with its unique softness of taste and subtlety of aroma was considered "imperial". It was available only to the family of the emperor, the highest dignitaries and clergy, it was forbidden to export it.
Red spectrum teas, which are transitional to the black shade of tea, have the general name "oolongi" (from the Chinese "oolong" - "black dragon"). The sheet for the production of "oolongs" is harvested at the time of active growth. They are characterized by a bright red infusion, a pleasant, original, "piquant" taste, a magnificent spicy aroma. Connoisseurs describe it with the word "amazing".Red tea is the "champion" in the content of essential oils, it contains much more catechins and other useful substances than black tea.
You need to know that it is impossible to get yellow or red tea by simply mixing green and black.
A special variety is
White teawhich exists within all four species. This is a very rare tea of exceptional quality, consisting entirely of tips. If tips for making white tea are subjected to a fermentation process, then this happens only in natural conditions, no more than 5-7%. Its almost colorless infusion combines the advantages of all types of tea: it has a very delicate and light aroma, rich and strong (especially when brewed again) taste, has a wide range of medicinal properties.
All five types of tea in all the variety of its types can be made from the leaves of the same bush, which indicates how important the quality of the raw materials and the method of processing are for tea. In this regard, it should be noted that black tea has especially many varieties, less green tea, even less red and very little yellow and white, for which a high grade is not only a characteristic feature, but also an indispensable feature (middle and lower grades in these teas are not present).
Finished tea products differ not only in the degree of fermentation (color), but also
in appearance (form). Therefore, there is also a consumer classification, according to which all commercial varieties of tea, depending on the tenderness and age of the processed raw materials and the technology of its processing, are divided into
long (loose), pressed and instant.
Classification of tea by appearance is used mainly as a sign that determines the commercial value of a product and includes teas of varying degrees of fermentation. So, loose teas include all types of long tea (white, green, yellow, red and black), pressed teas - green and black, and instant teas - green and black tea concentrates.
Baikhov teas... Strictly speaking, the word "long-term" is not entirely appropriate here. Rather, it should be an indicator of the high value of the raw materials, and not the shape of the finished product. This word comes from the Chinese "bai-ho" or "bai-hoa" ("white eyelashes") and indicates long, hard hairs. They cover the lower part of the youngest and most delicate leaves with a thick velvety fluff of silvery-white or yellowish color and secrete an essential oil that protects the delicate tea leaf from evaporation. The most common long tea teas are black and green.
Black long tea occupies a dominant position in the world market, especially common in countries of temperate, cool, humid (damp) climate. To obtain such a tea, the leaf goes through three stages of processing: withering, rolling and fermentation.
The most important in the entire production cycle of this tea is the fermentation process. After all, it is at this time that the leaf gets rid of the pristine bitterness and acquires a whole set of useful substances and those qualities that determine the taste, aroma, strength and color of the future infusion. Compared to other types, black tea is characterized by
tart, full flavor, intense reddish-dark brown infusion and unique aroma... Thanks to these indicators, black tea has become the most popular drink among the peoples of the world, accounting for almost 95–98% of the world tea trade.
Green tea is produced from the same raw materials as black, using special technological processes, differing from black only in that
green tea does not undergo fermentation and retains its color not only in dry form, but also in infusion. Green tea lacks a specific "tea" smell and taste. It is a kind of light green drink with a golden hue and a delicate aroma that combines the smell of freshly dried hay, withered strawberry leaves, rose and citrus fruits. It has a tart, bitter-astringent taste.
Baikhov teas are made from delicate flushes (flushes for processing have three leaves and a bud) and are divided into two groups - leaf and broken (small) teas, each of which has three levels (varieties) of quality. Leaf teas include: first leaf - L-1; sheet second - L-2; sheet third - L-3. By the nature of the leaf, small tea is: small first - M-1; small second - M-2; small third - M-3.
The crumb, which, if the technological processes are carried out correctly, turns out to be 2-3% of the total amount of products, is not divided into varieties. It is formed during dry sorting of tea. The crumb has its own selling price (its minimum score is 1.5 points) and in appearance must correspond to the approved standard: being the smallest particles of tea, it must be homogeneous, without admixture of yellow or green dust; the color of black tea crumbs should be black or grayish, and green tea crumbs should be dark green. The crumb is used in a certain proportion in commercial blends of fine teas, as well as for the production of tea bags.
Tea, different in the nature of the leaf, can be of different varieties (with the exception of crumbs), depending on the aroma, taste, intensity of infusion, appearance (harvesting) and color of the boiled leaf (Tables 2, 3). Sorting of tea is carried out in such a way that after this process there is no admixture of leaf teas in the fine tea, and in the leaf teas - fine teas. It is also not allowed to mix one type of tea with another, impurities of fibers, coarse parts of the stem, dark yellow and brown leaves, the presence of mold, as well as mustiness, sourness and other foreign odors and tastes.