Brain speech organization

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Brain organization of speechThe cerebral organization of speech is a system of cerebral structures that are involved in the implementation of speech. The main speech centers are located in the left hemisphere. So, the Broca zone was discovered in 1861 by the doctor P. Broca. This area of ​​the brain is located in the lower left hemisphere (44 and 45 fields) and is responsible for the reproduction of expressive speech. When Broca's center is damaged, syllables become stuck, letters rearranged, inadequate substitutions, in severe cases, motor alalia.

The Wernicke Zone was opened in 1874 by the German doctor K. Wernicke. Located in the upper part of the temporal gyrus, this part of the brain is responsible for speech perception, speech understanding, the exact meaning of words, the integrity of speech utterance, and the normal development of phonemic hearing. If the center of Wernicke is affected, then there are problems with phonemic hearing up to sensory alalia.

Also for oral speech, the frontal cortex plays a great role: it determines the intention of speech utterance and the desire to embody the speech intention. People with lesions of the frontal cortex rarely enter into dialogue, they are limited to monosyllabic repetitions.

The cortex of the posterior cerebral hemispheres is responsible for the reception, processing and storage of sensory information, the assimilation of lexical-grammatical and syntactic structures, the analysis and synthesis of abstract concepts, the ability to operate with them. A person with defeats in these departments speaks everyday words, there are many agrammatisms in his speech, sentences consist of 2-3 words.

Brain organization of speechAn additional motor area is located near the Roland Furrow. This area works together with the premotor cortex and is responsible for motor activity: fixing the movements of the head, arms, legs, etc. Along with this, the additional motor area influences the development of the grammatical and pronunciation side of speech (rhythm, intonation). In case of violation of this area, patients miss the official parts of speech (conjunctions, prepositions), find it difficult to use pronouns and verbs.

Despite the fact that the left hemisphere is dominant, the right hemisphere is responsible for speech tone (pitch, loudness), intonation, emotional coloring, visual-spatial analysis of verbal material, and recognition of letters in writing. With the defeat of the right hemisphere of speech, prosodic suffers, dysgraphia, dyslexia appear.

L.S.Vygotsky and his follower A.R. Luria established the following neurophysiological mechanism of speech utterance: the information heard is processed by the subcortical regions, then perceived by Wernicke's center, processed, understood, converted into a semantic code, goes to Broca's center. In Broca's zone, an articulatory image of the spoken word appears. When pronouncing a word, the impulse enters the angular gyrus and is converted into a visual image. When reading, the opposite is true: information about the word is processed by the visual areas, sent to the angular gyrus, then to the Wernicke center, which connects the visual form of the word with an acoustic signal. In deaf people, when reading, Wernicke's center is not activated, because from birth their perception of sounds is impaired.

It should be said that in children, the main speech zones are located in the right hemisphere, since children first perceive non-verbal sounds (noise, knocking, etc.), and then they learn to perceive verbal sounds. Starting to act first, the right hemisphere gradually gives way to the dominant function to the left hemisphere. This phenomenon is called left hemispheric functional lateration. Already at 4 years old, the child should be dominated by the left hemisphere. This transition can proceed both smoothly and irregularly.Usually the problem of dominance of the right hemisphere is associated with left-handedness, two-handedness, organic brain damage. In order for the neurons of the brain responsible for speech to mature on time, the presence of a speech environment plays a huge role. If no one speaks to a child until the age of 5, then after 5 years he will remain dumb.

Thus, each area of ​​the cerebral cortex is involved in the organization of speech. The defeat of certain parts of the brain leads to various disorders. The neurophysiological data provide an opportunity to correctly determine the mechanism and etiology of the disorder, to outline the ways of effective speech therapy work.

E. A. Lisitsina


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